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Inca stone walls

I get cold sweats looking at inca stone walls, how they perfectly fit irregular stones. This is a culture that did not even have iron tools. Any theories why they chose to carve these stones this way, rather than into standard shapes that easily fit into each other?

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They hired Mexicans to do that shit... Da.....:homer: (Really that shit is fucking cool)..
 
Ive machined inconel. I bet its worse. How long have you been machinin?

Where does inconel alloy lay on Mohs scale of hardness. ? Not tensile or other metal BS but pebble lizard shit :idea:

:flipoff2: The quartz in the granodiorite is 7.0

Some, no, most of the shapes were not made by drawing a long blade across. Basic look at er' type shit analysis. Dey curved and shit. Not even constant radius or any other measure for that matter. Just look at that :beer:
Do those cuts look like they were ground out by rasping like a snail radula or some heathern blade made out of ?????? What ???


Bunk, do you think you could machine that ?


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Simple theory. Some people knew math/science and how to use it. Those that did got stuck dragging rocks around.

Gets back to that other teacher thread about how much could we actually accomplish if more people were well versed in math and science.

As for cutting stones or hard stones, water wind and sand have been doing it for years and they are not "hard" materials. I don't think their process was a quick one. But when you have a huge workforce time may not be that important.
 


As for cutting stones or hard stones, water wind and sand have been doing it for years and they are not "hard" materials. I don't think their process was a quick one. But when you have a huge workforce time may not be that important.

Doing it for many many many many many years for wind cut rock. The landform is called a Yardang FYI. Water is quicker but also really really slow. It gets faster when it is sped up and abrasives added to it but there are many complications with any theoretical ancient application in that regard. Weasel, expound on ,say , water cutting those curves in the Inca blocks. In the case of Dynasty era Egypt, we can imagine a huge slave work force, being worked to death for an entire generation to make a cut. The Inca, not so much. Not enough food or people.
 

Simple theory. Some people knew math/science and how to use it. Those that did got stuck dragging rocks around.

Gets back to that other teacher thread about how much could we actually accomplish if more people were well versed in math and science.

As for cutting stones or hard stones, water wind and sand have been doing it for years and they are not "hard" materials. I don't think their process was a quick one. But when you have a huge workforce time may not be that important.
So it's decoded and simple, but the article can't tell us what it is :confused:

Lots of people did triangle stuff, not many wrote it down. Being able to transfer knowledge is the huge part. Rare genius is plenty common
 
In the case of Dynasty era Egypt, we can imagine a huge slave work force, being worked to death for an entire generation to make a cut.
1950 called, they want their history back.

Seasonal paid laborers (in between farming), fed beer and bread and housed locally until they went back home.

For a long time, popular belief concluded that enslaved people built the pyramids, in particular the Pyramids of Giza.Writing by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, misinterpretations of the biblical book of Exodus, and Hollywood films have all contributed to the idea.But in reality, most archaeologists and historians today think that paid laborers, not enslaved people, built the Pyramids of Giza.A few archeological findings support this theory.Deceased builders were buried in a place of honor: tombs close to the pyramids themselves, furnished with supplies for the afterlife.It’s unlikely that enslaved workers would either be buried in close proximity to pharaohs or be prepared for burial with such care.Archaeologists have also discovered the remains of communities on the Giza plateau where large gallery-style buildings are thought to have served as barracks for rotating groups of builders.

All archaeologists have their own methods of calculating the number of workers employed at Giza, but most agree that the Great Pyramid was built by approximately 4,000 primary labourers (quarry workers, hauliers and masons). They would have been supported by 16-20,000 secondary workers (ramp builders, tool-makers, mortar mixers and those providing back-up services such as supplying food, clothing and fuel). This gives a total of 20-25,000, labouring for 20 years or more.

The workers may be sub-divided into a permanent workforce of some 5,000 salaried employees who lived, together with their families and dependents, in a well-established pyramid village. There would also have been up to 20,000 temporary workers who arrived to work three- or four-month shifts, and who lived in a less sophisticated camp established alongside the pyramid village.
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Thus the city of the workers was discovered in 1988 only, by Mark Lehner, archaeologist. Mark Lehner is American, he has behind him a past of 30 years of excavations in Egypt. Former director of Ancient Egypt Research Associates,
...
Excavations conducted by the American archaeologist Mark Lehner since the 90s made it possible to make an urban representation of the city. The latter was organized along three large parallel streets facing east-west. The houses that bordered them were intended primarily to house the workers, to allow them to eat and organize for everyday life. This city was surrounded by a great wall whose vocation is unknown, and even more so if this vocation has evolved over time. Maybe it was a way to secure this crowd of workers against the elite, or did the wall have a role of religious protection of the future tomb of the pharaoh?


For the moment, no one really knows it. It is also in this city that were the craftsmen necessary for daily life: Baker, for food, boilermaker, for copper work (the main tools of the workers were made of copper), doctor, etc.
 
1950 called, they want their history back.

" Thus the city of workers was discovered in 1988 . . .. . . " Yeah, yeah reading and shit :lmao:

I was born in the 1950s' and graduated from college in early 1980s so there is that. Without archeological evidence the "scholars" developed their own fanciful ideas. Or, we learned ones were influenced by Kurt Vonnegut from his anti hero Tumbumwa and his island fortress in the book Cats Cradle. Back to the OP, the Inca, there is a quarry site found by one of the Ancient locations but literally nothing else. To argue about :flipoff2:
 
The show i saw the stone was still in the ground. Fixturing by momma
 
The thread title is Inca. None of that has any relevance to curved Inca shapes. 1950s aside. :zzz:
 
Fuckin thing has machined gears and variable gear ratios.

From 205 bc!
Amazing. Cavemen were not idiots, who knew?

Here, much butchered for short attention spans. Worth a full read at the link:


Historians note that there are records which likely relate to similar devices around this time, but the Antikythera mechanism is the only example found.

My own view is that the periods used by the mechanism are known in Minoan times and there is a simpler non-mechanical device called the Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro
which is over a thousand years older. It establishes an interest in such devices and I think it likely that the Antikythera mechanism is the culmination of improvements in mechanics and astronomy.

...

Why no other similar devices have survived from antiquity

The only reason why no other examples of devices like the Antikythera mechanism have survived from antiquity to modernity is because devices like the Antikythera mechanism were extremely rare and expensive; they were not the sort of thing your average man in ancient Greece just had sitting in his closet.

You have to add onto this the fact that almost all the artifacts that existed in antiquity have been lost or destroyed. Indeed, it is especially rare for metal devices from ancient times to survive because, in most cases, such devices were eventually melted down for their metal.

...
Coverage of similar devices in the writings of Cicero

The popular science writers and news outlets keep claiming that scholars had no idea that devices like the Antikythera mechanism even existed before the mechanism was discovered in the shipwreck off the coast of Antikythera in 1901. In reality, it has always been well known among classical scholars that these kinds of devices existed in classical antiquity. Classical scholars have known about the existence of these kinds of devices since long before the Antiktythera mechanism was ever discovered, because these kinds of devices are actually discussed quite extensively in surviving classical sources.

Notably, the Roman orator Cicero (lived 106 – 43 BC) mentions several devices similar to the Antikythera mechanism in his treatise De Re Publica 1.14. Here are Cicero’s own words,
“But what appeared very admirable in this invention of Archimedes was, that he had discovered a method of producing the unequal and various courses, with their dissimilar velocities, by one revolution. When Gallus put this sphere in motion, the moon was made to succeed the sun by as many revolutions of the brass circle, as it actually took days to do in the heavens. From which the same setting of the sun was produced on the sphere as in the heavens: and the moon fell on the very point, where it met the shadow of the earth, when the sun from the region…’”

Clearly, the device Cicero is describing here is one very, very much like the Antikythera mechanism. And, again, this passage was certainly known long before the rediscovery of the Antikythera mechanism in 1901

..

In reality, it is certainly possible that some forms of ancient technology may have been more sophisticated in terms of some specific aspects and functions than what historians now believe them to have been. For instance, we might, say, discover that ancient Roman building methods were somewhat more advanced than we previously realized or that the ancient Greeks knew a bit more about astronomy than we once thought.

Nonetheless, it is highly, highly unlikely that we will ever have to completely revise our entire understanding of what kinds of technologies existed in the ancient world; we almost certainly aren’t going to discover that the ancient Romans built the Pantheon using ultrasonic levitators or that the ancient Greeks built a rocket ship and flew to the Moon.
 
Coverage of similar devices in other extant ancient Greek and Roman texts

There are at least a half dozen other passages in classical Greek and Roman texts describing devices similar to the Antikythera mechanism. In many texts, these kinds of devices are specifically associated with the ancient Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes of Syracuse (lived c. 287 – c. 212 BC). In the passage I have just quoted, Cicero speaks of Archimedes as having constructed mechanical orreries similar to the Antikythera mechanism.

Meanwhile, according to the Greek mathematician Pappos of Alexandria (lived c.  290 – c. 350 AD), Archimedes not only studied these devices, but actually wrote a whole treatise on how they worked and how to construct them. Unfortunately, Archimedes’s treatise on orreries has not survived. This is not terribly surprising, considering that, as I discuss in this article from November 2019
, many treatises by Archimedes have been lost and others have only been rediscovered relatively recently. One important treatise by Archimedes was only printed for the very first time in 1907!

In any case, in addition to Cicero and Pappos of Alexandria, the Roman writers Lactantius (lived c. 250 – c. 325 AD) and Claudian (lived c. 370 – c. 404 AD) and the Greek Neoplatonist writer Proklos the Successor (lived 412 – 485 AD) all also specifically mention Archimedes having constructed devices of this kind. There are also many accounts of devices similar to the Antikythera mechanism from Byzantine and Arab sources, indicating that the technology to construct these devices was never really lost, except perhaps in western Europe.

In other words, there is no question that other devices similar to the Antikythera mechanism existed during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. In fact, we knew that these kinds of devices existed long before the Antikythera mechanism itself was ever discovered.
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According to this hypothesis the silica rich stones Inca walls were moulded with an acid paste.

Willy, I didnt get past his first sentence where he states " . . . .. I have to admit this doesnt work geologically as the rocks have been analyzed and the quarries located." Before I started to play that click nonsense the first thing I thought is that this amateur does not know anything about igneous rock and how it is formed.
 
Willy, I didnt get past his first sentence where he states " . . . .. I have to admit this doesnt work geologically as the rocks have been analyzed and the quarries located." Before I started to play that click nonsense the first thing I thought is that this amateur does not know anything about igneous rock and how it is formed.

Right after you cut him off he cites Helmut Tributsch research paper on the Inca's process


You missed historical account Tributsch cites from Cieza deLeón (Spanish Conquistador), 1553 Garcilaso de la Vega (Mom was an Inca princess) , 1609
 
this has been my theory

people are not giving them enough credit

Other than questionable sacrificial practices the Inca were advanced miners and that is the connection made in the hypothesis of the shaping of the walls was an outcropping of their mining activities.

" [the reddish mud, “llancac alpa” in the quechua language, and the “gold”, mentioned by early chroniclers as mortar which fitted the stones and later disappeared. Such techniques were related to folklore and not taken seriously. This study tries to understand them and the question was asked: did Inca builders have access to very acid mud? They did, and used the acid mud from their mines, which generated sulphuric acid through bacterial oxidation of pyrite (fools gold). It reaches an acidity of up to pH = 0.5, which is 104 times more acid than humic acid which is known to weather silica containing rocks via silica gel to the clay mineral kaolin. This acid mud allowed dissolving and softening the rock material superficially to a viscoelastic silica gel. The process could be further enhanced more than tenfold by addition of (oxalic acid containing) plant sap, a skill suggested from popular tradition. In special cases moderate heating of crushed pyrite in gaps between chiselled stones generated additional hot sulphuric acid. Where the stone to stone contact transmitted weight, pressure dissolution in the acidic environment removed material, and silica precipitation regenerated material in cracks and pores elsewhere. It is attempted to reconstruct how the Inca builders applied the silica gel technology for shaping stones, for polishing and fitting them. The appearance of shiny and glassy Inca stone junctions and interfaces is explained via solidification of in-situ generated or additionally added silica gel.]"
 
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